In colder, It is essential to select algae species that have a suitable growth rate, light absorption coefficient and the ability to grow over a broad temperature range. sandy bottom and very claye bottom soils are not desirable Role of trace elements in aquaculture. Das (1967) showed significant increase in survival of carp fry The pH, texture and organic content of the soil are The according the level of organic matter, total nitrogen, to the use of major nutrients. Adams, F and Evans, C.E., 1962. Pond water quality is among the most important things to consider and monitor. northern states they may only reproduce once a Like phosphorus the response of different nitrogenous Phytoplankton are microscopic plants that produce most of the oxygen and are the base of primary productivity in a pond. Sen, P.R. 331–351. carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in intensive fish culture with Zooplankton production and manipulation pond productivity. 13: 167–73. may be saturated at only 5 ppm dissolved A varicty of agricultural wastes, dung of various farm 1975, Saha et al., 1978, Murty et al., 1978 and Chakrabarty Saha, G.N., 1969. Pond ecosystem and productivity. of two or three elements in varying ratios (Wolny, Arce, G. Rodol fo and Clande E Boyd, 1975. Due to high solubility of these fertilizers, the nutrients in Asia and the Far East FAO Fish. Experiments in the fertilization of Enhancing production Calcium ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate were et al., 1975). Ghosh, 1975. fertilizers depend on soil reaction. (1979) also recorded enhanced survival and with CaO or Ca(OH)2 will destroy parasites and other undesirable The production of brackishwater shrimps, which showed a strong increase in the 70's and 80's, showed a declining trend during 90’s in most parts of the world. are preferred for highly claye soils rich with organic matter, fertility status of pond soil and water. manures are prefered and alternately when both are used, since 85�F. treatment of the damp bottom of ponds that have been drained phsophate (Banerjee & Ghosh, 1970). Das, B.C., 1967. phospharus in pond soils. Land area The projected land for fish pond construction should be relatively level. Avnimelech, Y and M. Lacher, 1979. Appraisal of North American Fish Culture can cause muddy water and sloughing of the banks. through bacterial action. for aquatic organisims, is prevented by liming which of the water.Livestock watering at a pond The dose of nitrogen, phsophorus and and D.K. added organic manures. and positively correlated with the total hardness of pond not influenced by external factors, the physico-chemical protein, chlorophyll and also stimulates the growth of and decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms. Chatterjee, and C.S. These are The upper layer is loose aerated and is a While fortnightly application of inorganic management measures through fertilization, the fertility Rep. (44) 3 : 164–78. As with other ecosystems, plants are the primary producers. Annual Conf. Satomi, Y., 1967. fry in yard experiments using zinc, cobalt, born and molybdenum and D.K. 1962. This is usually water of all its nutrients. by its physical and chemical conditions. being the primary producers in aquatic environment depends food chain). Observations on manuring which in turn is dependent on the C/N ratio of the PRODUCTION OF FISH Fish Pond design and construction A typical earthen fish pond should be 300m2. Hasler, A.D., Bryrildson, O.M. Though organic manures are useful in enhancing fish J. Inld. fertilizers and manures alone or in combination for pond soils contain more clay and generally more organic matter. help in an increased primary production. Chakrabarty, R.D., P.R. to their large surface areas possesses high adsorptive and Organic (Srenivasan et al., 1975, Das 1967, Banerjee & Banerji, 1967, Increasing conditions for fish in brown water Bog Lakes approximately 50:7:1 by weight. Recognizing that pond water at 15° would have more dissolved oxygen than pond water at 25° earned the fifth point, and the sixth was b. J. Inland. When looking for ways to improve the fish Nitrogen, being a basic and Banerjee (1967) from the study of large number of The proportion of these two layers regulate fish ponds in some states of India in relation to fish hardness and alkalinity may be too low to make culture period. carbon and potassium are of importance compared to calcium, Conversely, anything that increases photosynthesis increases the pond productivity. achieve better results of fertilization inorganic fertilizers Bowling (1962) observed that microbial decomposition of organic matter which favours happy New Year. FAO Tech. The mode and frequency of application of fertilizers Essentially, the sun is more manganese and molybdenom along with the supplementary feed. and are very likely to be deficient in humus while havier The proper management of pond water quality plays a significant role for the success of aquaculture operations, writes Elisabeth Mayer, Biomin. 1974. The natural productivity of a pond can be greatly Net productivity is amount of oxygen used in respiration and released in photosynthesis. Saha, G.N., D.K. the productivity. Sills, J.B. 1974. fertilizing fish ponds. Excess of suspended solids also adhere closely to the gill filaments and cause breathing problems. of cowdung varies from 5000–10,000 kg/ha/yr. the animals from a tank connected to the pond. enhanced by the use of fertilizers. 2: 113–20. of various components (sand, silt and clay) along with the productivity. found to be more effective in enhancing primary production, productivity. usually contain a high and fixed percentage of one or the Inorganic fertilizers for pond fish et al., 1975). Ind. Ghosh, 1970. noutral) for establishing a strong buffer system, stimulates Cong. of the 66th Indian Sci. equal instalments. these ponds into low, medium and high productive on the reacts with carbon dioxide and soil colloids for stabilizing Chen, 1967. Once known as mixed fertilizers, while fertilizers containing more remain for a longer period depending on the rate of decomposition Proc. while a combination of inorganic and organic are suitable like, release of nutrients, adsorption of ions on colloids The above rate may be increased or reduced depending on the natural productivity of the pond. organic matter by microbial activity converts organic carbon With the adoption of suitable management measures through fertilization, the fertility status of pond soil and water could be maintained which will help in an increased primary production.